Politics Rules

In Politics Rules: Power, Globalization, and Development, Adam Sneyd delivers a compelling critique of the mainstream development paradigm, illuminating the overlooked role of politics within development studies. Sneyd’s work urges a critical shift in how development is conceptualized and practiced, pushing readers to recognize that development cannot be divorced from political forces that shape global and local outcomes.

Sneyd’s analysis challenges the apolitical approaches that have dominated development thinking, calling for a new framework that directly addresses the underlying political structures and power dynamics at play. His work echoes the groundbreaking contributions of E.F. Schumacher, who, in the 1970s, revolutionized development thought by questioning standard economic assumptions. Progress in Development Studies noted, “Just as Schumacher helped to break new ground in the understanding of development... so too does Sneyd with his emphasis on the need for a new critical direction.”

Sneyd presents Politics Rules as more than just a critique—it is a guide for scholars, practitioners, and students alike to navigate the complexities of development beyond the narrow perspectives imposed by what he describes as the “masters of the universe.” Gavin Fridell of St. Mary’s University describes the book as “a thought-provoking and engaging guide” that serves as a valuable resource for classrooms and a practical tool for those actively engaged in development work.

With its insightful framework, Politics Rules underscores the need for a development model that genuinely considers political realities, opening up space for more equitable and effective practices. This book is a must-read for anyone committed to understanding and transforming the politics of global development.

For scholars and practitioners alike, Politics Rules is a powerful reminder that development, at its core, is not just about economic metrics but about the political choices and power relations that define our world.

Cotton

In Cotton, part of the Polity Resources Series, Adam Sneyd traces the far-reaching impact of one of the world’s most significant commodities. He offers an in-depth exploration that spans history, labor, and the politics of international trade. This comprehensive work delves into the global cotton industry. It examines the environmental, social, and economic implications of its production, exposing the profound ways this “simple” crop intersects with complex systems of globalization.

Sneyd not only explains the historical significance and geographical spread of cotton but also scrutinizes current cotton farming systems and labor practices, revealing how they are shaped by global markets and corporate interests. William G. Moseley of Macalester College lauds the book as “a wonderful book that teaches us about history, globalization, geography, farming systems, labor, markets, politics, and international trade,” praising Sneyd’s clear and compelling case for alternative cotton production methods.

The book goes further by uncovering the powerful influence of business interests within the cotton industry. Sneyd reveals how corporations manipulate public narratives and media, allowing them to shape consumer perceptions and control industry standards. John Perkins, author of Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, highlights this critique, calling it “an important exposé of the cotton industry” that urges readers to “look for and expose the story behind the story.”

Cotton serves as both an educational resource and a call to action. Sneyd challenges readers to question the cotton industry’s practices and its broader environmental and social impacts. By presenting a thoroughly researched and multifaceted view, Professor Sneyd sheds light on the possibility of alternative cotton production systems that prioritize sustainability and equity.

Cotton is essential for anyone interested in learning more about the global economy, corporate power, and environmental sustainability. This book enhances our understanding of a commodity that has shaped the world and invites us to imagine new, transformative paths for the industry’s future.

Governing Cotton

In Governing Cotton: Globalization and Poverty in Africa, Adam Sneyd illuminates the cotton industry’s impact on poverty across Africa, dissecting the intricate relationships between global economic forces and local livelihoods. Through a detailed exploration of cotton production in an era of economic globalization, Sneyd exposes how the industry sustains and exacerbates poverty on the continent, challenging conventional narratives that paint globalization as a force for progress.

This work dives into the often-overlooked influence of cotton—a staple crop and economic lifeline for millions of African farmers—within global supply chains and the multifaceted governance structures that shape its production. Scholars and practitioners have praised Sneyd’s balanced assessment of these complex dynamics. As Jomo Kwame Sundaram, former UN Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, highlights, this book offers “a thoughtful and balanced assessment of the linkages between cotton production and poverty in Africa.”

Professor Sneyd further enriches his analysis by examining emerging governance mechanisms, such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, and their efficacy in alleviating poverty. These CSR efforts, while aimed at promoting sustainability and fairness, often fall short of addressing the systemic inequalities ingrained in global trade. By analyzing these initiatives with both nuance and detail, Sneyd encourages readers to question the true impact of these seemingly “ethical” practices on African economies and societies.

This critical examination has made Governing Cotton a valuable resource in fields ranging from African studies to political economy and international development. As Jennifer Clapp from the University of Waterloo notes, Sneyd’s insights are “rich in detail and highly engaging,” providing readers with a compelling look at the cotton industry’s far-reaching consequences.

Governing Cotton is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the realities of globalization and poverty in Africa. This book invites us to rethink the structures and practices that shape one of the world’s most important industries, offering a pathway to more equitable and sustainable governance in global trade.

Hidden Politics in the UN Sustainable Development Goals

In Hidden Politics in the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Adam Sneyd, a professor of political science at the University of Guelph, dismantles the façade surrounding the UN’s much-celebrated SDGs. While the goals are widely lauded for their ambitious agenda to foster a more inclusive, peaceful, and sustainable world, Sneyd’s rigorous analysis uncovers a complex, underlying political landscape that paints a less rosy picture.

Rather than advancing bold reforms, Sneyd argues that the SDGs have become tools that legitimize a liberal international economic order, safeguarding capitalist interests rather than confronting the structural challenges that sustain inequality and environmental degradation. His critical analysis of each of the seventeen SDGs reveals that these targets, though well-intentioned, lack the transformative substance needed to effect real change. In other words, they serve more as a scaffold for existing power structures than a revolutionary blueprint for a sustainable future.

Sneyd's work has garnered praise across the academic and critical development spectrum. Scholars such as Craig N. Murphy and Peter Dauvergne commend the book for its originality and its ability to challenge assumptions. Dauvergne notes that Sneyd "tears down the façade" of the SDGs, revealing a disturbing truth: the SDGs often reinforce the very power imbalances they claim to address. Similarly, Susanne Soederberg highlights Sneyd's "brilliant" application of a critical political economy lens, exposing how big business and corporate partnerships perpetuate injustice under the guise of sustainability.

Hidden Politics offers an essential wake-up call for those involved in global development, inviting policymakers, activists, and academics to question the very foundations of the SDG agenda. Bonny Ibhawoh remarks that this book is more than a critique; it’s "a call to action"—a plea for genuine reform that places people and the planet above profit. This incisive text is ideal for anyone seeking a deeper, more critical understanding of global governance, development, and the ideological battles that shape our world.

Hidden Politics in the UN Sustainable Development Goals is a must-read for those eager to rethink the SDGs beyond surface-level optimism.

Dear Zalmann Community,

Three months ago, I launched Maono, a think tank and learning ecosystem that fosters growth, resilience, and purposeful change. Today, I’m excited to announce a significant evolution: Maono has rebranded and expanded under Moshe Zalmann—or simply Zalmann. This is more than just a name change; it represents a bold, new chapter with expanded offerings and a broader platform while continuing to embody the philosophy and mission that began with Maono.

What Does This Mean?

While Moshe Zalmann grows into a larger think tank, Maono Insights will continue under the new banner of Zalmann Insights. These insights remain deeply aligned with Maono’s original values, rooted in exploring the human condition, leadership, resilience, and transformative growth. The rebranding to Moshe Zalmann reflects our vision to be a more comprehensive resource and platform, delivering research, insights, and robust solutions across various domains.

Why Moshe Zalmann?

The rebrand to Moshe Zalmann represents an expanded commitment to vision, purpose, and clarity in a world increasingly marked by complexity and uncertainty. It encapsulates the spirit of Maono, taking it further with new offerings while maintaining the essence that has guided us from the start. Zalmann draws on Maono’s foundations and grows into a larger, multifaceted institution, bringing together visionaries, leaders, and experts to spark meaningful change.

Who We Are

Zalmann is a contemporary think tank that advances groundbreaking publications, transformative leadership development, tailored high-impact coaching solutions, and consulting services. Our flagship programs, the Zalmann Summit, and Maono Institute, create vibrant spaces for novel ideas and progress. 

At Zalmann, we enable individuals and organizations with profound insights and strategic frameworks that drive growth and catalyze transformation. Rooted in the core tenets of the Algozeteo philosophy, Zalmann hosts the Algozeteo Resilience Lab, fostering personal development, leadership enhancement, and resilience building.

Our Fundamentals

1. Our vision is to enable individuals and organizations to transform challenges into opportunities for growth and sustainable change.

2. Our mission is to inspire and equip leaders to unlock their potential, build resilience, and lead with purpose and clarity in a rapidly evolving world.

3. Our purpose is to unlock the limitless growth and transformation potential within individuals, organizations, and communities.

4. Our motto is to expand horizons and inspire growth.

What We Do 

At Zalmann, we provide a suite of offerings designed to inspire, challenge, and cultivate growth in leaders and organizations. From cutting-edge insights to transformative leadership development, high-impact coaching solutions, and consulting, each service is designed to open up new paths. Our flagship programs, such as the Zalmann Summit and Maono Institute, create spaces where ideas converge and visions expand, fostering a community driven by purpose and progress.

We offer four blocks of services:

• Zalmann Insights—to unlock profound perspectives and expert analyses on the forces that shape societies and industries.

• Maono Institute—to enable and equip visionary minds to unlock limitless potential and drive transformative change.

• Consulting & Coaching—to expert advisory services and tailored strategies to empower leaders and organizations to reach new heights.

• Zalmann Summit—where visionary leaders converge to shape the future, inspire change, and drive transformative impact.

In short, Zalmann is a larger ecosystem, embedding Maono’s philosophy, insights, and transformative approach. I invite you to join us as we continue this journey toward a future grounded in wisdom, growth, and resilience. Together, let’s explore the boundless potential that lies within each of us.

Thank you for your continued support and enthusiasm for this journey.

Warm regards,
Moshe T. Zalmann

On The Human Condition Series

Throughout human history, suffering has remained a universal and inescapable experience, intricately woven into the fabric of our existence. It transcends cultures, borders, and epochs. Suffering shapes our collective narratives and individual journeys. Whether manifested as physical pain, emotional turmoil, or existential crises, suffering beckons us to explore the depths of the human condition and confront the profound questions that arise in its wake. 

In this series, “On the Human Condition," we embark on an introspective journey while delving into the multifaceted dimensions of suffering and its implications for our understanding of life, purpose, and meaning. As we navigate this complex terrain, we will engage with various philosophical, spiritual, and psychological perspectives that illuminate the intricacies of suffering. From the timeless wisdom of Stoicism, which teaches us to cultivate inner strength amidst adversity, to the rich tapestry of Judeo-Christian and Karmic conceptions that frame suffering as a path toward redemption and growth, each installment in this series will seek to unravel the enigma of suffering and offer insights into the human experience.

Our exploration will not shy away from the harsh realities of existence. We will confront the stark truths of suffering that permeate our world—be it through the lens of social injustices, mental health struggles, or the ever-looming specter of mortality. Yet, within this discourse lies the potential for transformation and resilience as we uncover how suffering can catalyze personal growth, deepen our connections with others, and inspire our quest for meaning.

In each article, we will examine key concepts, historical contexts, and practical lessons that arise from our exploration of suffering. I aim to foster a profound understanding of the human condition, recognizing that while suffering can be isolating, it also serves as a bridge that connects us. 

As we embark on this journey together, I encourage you to reflect on your own relationship with suffering and its role in shaping your life. Let us embrace the complexity of the human experience, acknowledging both the pain and the profound beauty that arises from it. In doing so, we can cultivate a profound sense of empathy, resilience, and purpose—illuminating how our shared struggles enrich our understanding of what it means to be human. 

Zalmann’s First Premium Insight

Welcome to “On the Human Condition Series,” where we delve into the depths of existence and emerge with insights that resonate through our hearts and minds. We are thrilled to announce that our first premium article for Zalmann Insights will be released next week. 

The Stoic Path to Resilience: Mastering Inner Strength in Times of Suffering
This premium article, an insightful blend of scholarship and practical wisdom, delivers a profound exploration of Stoicism's timeless strategies for cultivating resilience. Accessible yet deeply valuable, it is a must-read release for anyone seeking strength through adversity. It is coming this week.

Here is an excerpt from our first premium article on “The Stoic Path to Resilience: Mastering Inner Strength in Times of Suffering.”

Excerpt from “The Stoic Path to Resilience.”

In a world where adversity overwhelms us, the Stoic philosophy offers a time-honored path to resilience. It urges individuals to accept what cannot be changed and focus only on what lies within their control. From Epictetus's writings to Marcus Aurelius's meditations, Stoicism teaches us to cultivate an internal fortress shielded from the volatility of external circumstances. It is this ability to find strength within—a process of transforming suffering into self-mastery—that renders Stoic resilience both timeless and profoundly relevant.

Yet, as we examine Stoicism through the lens of modern psychological and social sciences, we uncover essential limitations in its approach. Stoicism’s emphasis on emotional detachment may neglect the therapeutic value of fully experiencing and processing emotions. Similarly, its call for self-reliance may discount the vital role of social bonds in human resilience. Furthermore, in its focus on acceptance and rational control, Stoicism risks falling into a passive fatalism that discourages transformative action in the face of injustice or oppression.

For Stoicism to serve as a robust philosophy of resilience in our era, it must adapt. By integrating the wisdom of Stoic self-discipline with contemporary understandings of emotional intelligence, social support, and adaptive flexibility, we can forge a more dynamic approach to resilience—one that acknowledges suffering not as a defeat but as a complex, shared experience, demanding both inner strength and outer engagement. It is here, in the fusion of ancient wisdom and modern insight, that Stoicism finds its most significant relevance: not as a rigid doctrine, but as a foundation for enduring strength in a world that requires us not only to endure but to evolve.

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Introduction

Understanding and shaping the right perspective on suffering is not just an intellectual exercise—it's a vital, transformative endeavor. When fateful life events strike, the resulting suffering, with its versatile existential implications, demands more than just a rational or psychosocial response. Suffering involves a complex interplay of rational, philosophical insights, faith, and spirituality. To truly navigate the season of suffering and harness its potential for growth, one must embrace a holistic approach that transcends mere rationality. This experience requires a deliberate, focused practice that integrates deep understanding with actionable strategies. Our four-year field research that resulted in Beyond Brokenness has shown that individuals can unlock profound insights, foster resilience, and achieve genuine growth and transformation by cultivating the right perspective on suffering and adversity.

Beethoven: Finding Harmony in a Life of Serial Tragedy

Ludwig van Beethoven's life is a living testament to the power of perspective in the face of suffering and serial tragedy. Despite the relentless challenges he endured—poverty, the loss of his hearing, family conflicts, and personal heartache—Beethoven refused to be defined by his circumstances. Instead, he shaped his suffering into a pathway for transformation, using serial adversity as a catalyst for creativity and greatness.

Born in 1770 into a family of musicians, he remains celebrated as one of the greatest classical composers the world has ever known. Beethoven’s genius was unparalleled, and at his peak, “he dominated the history of classical music like no one else before him or since.” (Britannica - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ludwig-van-Beethoven)

Yet behind the legend lies a story of suffering that would have broken many. His early childhood in Bonn began with promise. Born into a well-off family, Beethoven experienced a brief glimpse of comfort and security. But tragedy struck early. At just three years old, he lost his grandfather, the cornerstone of the family’s wealth. What followed was the rapid decline of his father into alcoholism, plunging the family into poverty. By the age of 11, young Ludwig was forced to drop out of school. At 18, he had to take full responsibility for his family, earning a living through music lessons to support his parents and siblings.

Poverty, the first challenge he faced, forged Beethoven’s resilience. He became the breadwinner of his family and built a network of wealthy patrons who admired his remarkable talent. Soon, the second tragedy began to unfold, threatening not only his livelihood but also the very core of his being: Beethoven realized he was losing his hearing. By 1802, the diagnosis was clear—his hearing loss was progressive and irreversible. Imagine the devastating irony: a musical genius losing the sense most essential to his art. For Beethoven, the world began to collapse around him. In a letter to his brothers, he revealed his torment, describing how he now faced "a permanent malady whose cure would take years, or perhaps, never come at all." Despair overwhelmed him, and for a time, he even considered taking his own life.

But, it was in this darkest moment that Beethoven shaped a new perspective on his tragedy and made a choice that would define him for eternity. Summoning extraordinary courage, he vowed not to surrender to fate and to fight back. In a letter to his friend, Franz Wegeler, Beethoven wrote, “I will seize fate by the throat.” He went on, “If only I were rid of my affliction, I would embrace the whole world.” This bold declaration signaled his refusal to succumb to despair. Despite the silence enveloping him, Beethoven chose to continue composing, to keep creating. He embraced his suffering in an act of extraordinary defiance, drawing from it a bottomless well of creative genius. 

By 1819, Beethoven was completely deaf. Communication with others was reduced to writing, yet his compositions only grew more powerful. Some of his most profound and celebrated works, including the Ninth Symphony, were created in the final decade of his life after deafness had claimed him entirely.

Beethoven’s triumph over tragedy didn’t stop with his hearing loss. Life continued to test him in brutal ways. He endured bitter family conflicts, the death of his beloved brother, and a painful three-year legal battle with his brother’s widow for the custody of his nephew, Karl. The boy’s continual conflicts with Beethoven led to his own attempted suicide, adding yet another layer of grief to the composer’s heartache.

Then, there was Beethoven’s love life, which was marked by unrequited feelings and failed relationships. He never married, dying as a bachelor despite his passionate longing for companionship. Yet, despite this loneliness, Beethoven’s spirit remained unbroken. An 11-year-old school dropout with no family support, he achieved greatness that few, in his condition, could even dream of by overcoming every barrier life threw in his path. That is simply the power of perspective and the spirited determination not to succumb to fate and despair.

When his Ninth Symphony premiered in 1824, Beethoven, now completely deaf, could not hear the roaring applause of the audience. One of the soloists had to help him turn around to face the audience so he could witness the rapturous standing ovation his masterpiece had earned. It was a poignant moment—a testament to the depth of his suffering and the magnitude of his victory over it. The power of perspective on suffering and tragedy!

Beethoven’s life is not just a story of genius; it is a story of resilience. He faced loss after loss, yet he continued to fight. His response to suffering is one of the most awe-inspiring in history. Beethoven did not just survive adversity—he transcended it, transforming his pain into some of the most beautiful music the world has ever heard.

Beethoven died on March 26, 1827, in Vienna. Over twenty thousand people attended his funeral. Today, Beethoven is revered not only as the greatest musical virtuoso who ever lived, but also as a symbol of the human spirit’s capacity to endure, to create, and to rise, no matter the odds.

Beethoven did not recover his hearing to embrace the whole world, but his music did and still embraces humanity.

What can you expect from this forthcoming premium Insight?

The Insight provides an in-depth exploration of the various roles meaning plays in shaping human perspectives on suffering, trials, or tragedy. These include:

1. Firstly, suffering is intricately linked to our perception of time. As we navigate through life's trials, our experience of suffering is deeply intertwined with our temporal awareness.

1. Secondly, our sense of self-worth is critical in how we experience suffering. When confronted with pain and suffering, our self-worth consciousness influences our perception of what we deserve and how we compare to others.

1. Thirdly, suffering can be understood as a narrative of loss. According to Tate and Pearlman, our sense of self is deeply narrative, shaped by our relationships, roles, and personal stories.

1. Fourthly, suffering is considered a spiritual phenomenon with a refining and redemptive role.

The forthcoming Maono Insight introduces actionable strategies for shaping human perspectives and outlines a guideline for action. Navigating the complex terrain of suffering involves practical strategies for transforming and enhancing our perspective. Like Beethoven, we can better manage and transcend our suffering by adopting actionable insights. Through this exploration, Maono aims to provide a holistic understanding of suffering and practical tools for navigating adversity. Embracing these insights can help us transform our suffering into a source of strength and resilience.

The forthcoming Maono Insight is yours to discover.

Join the Maono Community Today!

References:

1. Kerman, Joseph, and Alan Tyson. "Beethoven, Ludwig van." The Grove Book of Operas, Oxford University Press, 2006.

2. "Ludwig van Beethoven." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ludwig-van-Beethoven.

3. Solomon, Maynard. Beethoven. 2nd ed., Schirmer Books, 1998.

4. Swafford, Jan. Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

5. Tate, A., & Pearlman, D. (2019). What We Mean When We Talk About Suffering: Philosophical Reflections on Narrative and Self-Understanding. Journal of Philosophy and Medicine, 36(2), 145-158.

6. Thayer, Alexander Wheelock. The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven. Princeton University Press, 1967.

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Introduction

The human condition is defined by its complexities. It is an intricate web of emotions, experiences, and existential challenges. Among the most defining challenges is suffering. Pain and suffering have shaped human lives since time immemorial, compelling individuals to seek meaning, purpose, and resilience in the face of adversity. In exploring the nature of suffering, it is crucial to differentiate between the physical experience of pain and the broader concept of suffering, which encompasses psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions. Through the work of scholars such as Cassell and Bueno-Gómez, this article delves into the human experience of suffering, its impact on personal identity, and the limitations of traditional models. This insight seeks to enhance our understanding of suffering in all its depth. Exploring the concept of suffering is not just a matter of intellectual curiosity; it is vital for developing strategies that enable us to find meaning and build resilience in the face of fate and life's inevitable challenges.

Defining pain and suffering

Discussing resilience without first understanding pain and suffering is often a risky endeavor. These two fundamental human experiences shape our pursuit of meaning and the inevitable journey toward resilience. How we cope, flourish, and eventually recover from suffering hinges on our understanding of life events, our perception of fate, and our response to adversity. Many frequently confuse pain and suffering, using them interchangeably, yet they are distinct concepts. Bueno-Gómez (2017) cautions against this conflation, defining pain as a specific physical, sensory experience, while suffering encompasses a broader spectrum of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual elements. According to her, suffering can include personal difficulties such as loneliness, anxiety, and discrimination. I, therefore, define suffering as a psychosocial and spiritual experience, where it is primarily a spiritual phenomenon—a solitary struggle in the wilderness of existence.

Suffering threatens the intactness of an individual.

One book that has become a near-canonical reference on pain and suffering within the medical and public health sectors over the past four decades is Eric J. Cassell’s The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine. Cassell’s paradigmatic model has been an essential resource for medical professionals who challenge the depersonalization of patients in clinical settings (McKenny, 1997). In this influential work, Cassell (1986/1991/1994) defines suffering as "the state of severe distress associated with events that threaten the intactness of the person.” In other words, Cassell posits that suffering undermines the integrity of an individual’s intactness, suggesting that a person is an autonomous, rational, coherent, and well-adjusted entity.

Cassell laments the medical profession's limited understanding of suffering. He asserts that doctors are trained to anatomize the human body, focusing only on specific, isolated parts of the whole person. While this method may help interpret physical pain, breathing difficulties, and other bodily afflictions, it falls short of capturing the complexity of suffering (Cassell, 1981). According to Cassell, suffering stems from the complex web of factors that make up an individual, including their history, aspirations, responsibilities, relationships, and the broader societal and political context in which they live. Pain, shame, diagnostic uncertainty, a bleak outlook on the future, and even the actions of medical professionals can all contribute to suffering, particularly when they threaten a person's sense of wholeness (Cassell, 1986). Cassell argues that suffering is an inherently personal and subjective experience, regardless of its cause. His integrated model for understanding suffering is highly regarded for its holistic approach, yet it has faced some criticisms over the years; one of Cassell’s critics is Bueno- Gómez.

Suffering can help construct an individual’s identity rather than destroy it.

Historically, classical evidence-based medicine has relied on a naturalistic approach rooted in the Cartesian mind/body dichotomy (Bueno-Gómez, 2017). This perspective views the body as a machine operating through processes that can be universally understood and manipulated. Bueno-Gómez critiques this Cartesian approach and suggests that it reduces pain and suffering to mere mechanical functions, often neglecting their profound impact on the lives of suffering individuals. Although Cassell's "humanistic turn" in medicine has encouraged a more encompassing view of pain and suffering, Bueno-Gómez argues that medicine continues to treat different parts of the body in isolation, overlooking the personal and existential dimensions of suffering—particularly in cases of chronic pain, non-somatic pain, and severe distress. This failure to consider the full scope of suffering can lead individuals to spiral into despair and, in some cases, even resort to suicide (Bueno-Gómez, 2017).

Bueno-Gómez offers a more holistic approach to understanding suffering than many existing models. While she acknowledges Cassell's critique that modern medicine neglects the symbolic, subjective, and meaningful dimensions of suffering, she also highlights a missing link in his framework—the existential dimension of the human condition. Various studies now show that existential challenges can profoundly shape an individual’s ability to endure suffering. Bueno-Gómez contends, "Suffering is not reducible to pain, but rather includes a complex array of psychological, social, and existential dimensions" (Bueno-Gómez, 2017). Her criticism of Cassell’s model presents a broader understanding of pain and suffering.

I find Cassell’s model of pain and suffering to be a significant innovation in the medical field. It transcends the dominant mind-body dualistic narrative when he first published The Nature of Suffering and The Goals of Medicine. However, I do endorse Bueno-Gomez's objection to this notion of wholeness, arguing that it contradicts much of the existing research in sociology, psychology, and philosophy. For instance, it is a socio-historical fact that narratives have always been integral to an individual’s identity. Throughout history and across cultures, narratives have been used to construct personal identity and our understanding of human life, including the lives of others (Bueno-Gómez, 2017).

Nevertheless, while narratives or life stories have always shaped the self, Bueno-Gómez points out that these life stories are “always partial, fragmentary, and never definitive.” Thus, narrative theories of human identity do not align with Cassell’s concept of wholeness or intactness. Moreover, she highlights that Cassell’s view—that suffering undermines an individual's integrity—contradicts research showing that pain and suffering can, in fact, help construct a person’s identity rather than destroy it.

As revolutionary as Cassell's model stands, both Bueno-Gómez (2017) and Tate & Pearlman (2019) criticize it for failing to adequately account for the severe afflictions that some individuals are either unable to describe or are unaware of. Two illustrative cases come to mind: some suffering individuals struggle to understand why they are suffering, having temporarily lost their sense of self—such as the biblical figure Job. Others may simply be unaware of their fate. This disconnection between suffering and self-perception strengthens Bueno-Gómez's call for a more holistic approach to suffering. In response to this challenge, philosophers like Arthur Schopenhauer (1974) and scholars such as Tate & Pearlman (2019) have proposed conceptual models that place an emphasis on the individual's sense of self and the existential dimensions of suffering. These models consider suffering as a phenomenon intertwined with time-consciousness, self-worth, spiritual crisis, and personal loss. In essence, suffering is not merely a physical or psychological experience but a spiritual journey—an isolated struggle in the wilderness of human existence.

Conclusion

Suffering is an inescapable phenomenon in the human experience, but it should not define or diminish us. By exploring the intricate connections between pain, suffering, and identity, we can begin to shift our understanding of how suffering shapes and transforms us. Cassell’s model, though revolutionary in many respects, falls short of capturing the full existential dimension of suffering. Bueno-Gómez’s holistic approach offers a more comprehensive view that accounts for the psychological, social, and existential elements of the human condition. As we navigate the complexities of suffering, we have come to realize that our response to adversity ultimately shapes our identity and ability to recover. The key takeaway is that suffering, while painful, can also serve as a catalyst for growth and transformation—paving the way for resilience, personal insight, and a deeper sense of purpose.

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References

1. Bueno-Gómez, N. (2017). Conceptualizing suffering and pain. *Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine*, 12(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13010-017-0049-5.

2. Cassell, E. J. (1991). *The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine* (Rev. ed.). Oxford University Press.

3. Cassell, E. J. (1986). The nature of suffering: Physical, psychological, social, and existential aspects. The New England Journal of Medicine, 314(25), 1378-1384.

4. McKenny, G. P. (1997). *To Relieve the Human Condition: Bioethics, Technology, and the Body*. SUNY Press.

5. Schopenhauer, A. (1974). The World as Will and Representation. Dover Publications.

6. Tate, R., & Pearlman, R. (2019). Suffering, Identity, and Self-Worth: Reflections on Cassell’s Model. Journal of Medical Humanities, 40(2), 285–297.

Why should you consider the Maono Insights? 

At the heart of the human experience is a deep-seated drive to find meaning, especially during times of suffering and adversity. Hardship often compels individuals to seek understanding and purpose. As Viktor Frankl (1984) suggested, in the midst of suffering, resilient people grapple with life's "ultimate concerns"—such as meaning, death, and freedom. Similarly, Park (2010) emphasized that confronting these fundamental questions is crucial for personal growth and transformation. To navigate suffering and build resilience, one must deeply explore the human condition, examining the nature of existence and our purpose in life (Kübler-Ross, 1969).

Maono Insights advocates for a holistic approach to resilience that acknowledges the complexity of the human condition. It recognizes that "human existence is mysterious, something strange, frightening, to be wondered at" (Cottingham, 2003). Humans are not merely incidental to the cosmos. They are intrinsically connected to the universe and are integral to its grand design.

Maono's plea, therefore, “is for an acknowledgment that human beings in their vulnerability and finitude need, in order to survive, modes of responding to the world which go beyond what is disclosed in a rational scientific analysis of the relevant phenomena. Such modes of response, forever, are characteristically expressed through practices whose value and resonance cannot be exhausted by a cognitive analysis…” (Cottingham, 2003). 

Thus, Maono Insights are grounded in science, psychology, and philosophy. They go beyond rational scientific analysis to include theology, faith, and spirituality. At Maono, we conceive of humans as complex beings who need a systemic approach to addressing the intricacies of the human condition. 

What can you expect from the Maono Insights? 

The research-driven, evidence-based Maono Insights address the need for internal healing, purpose, meaning, and resilience that individuals and communities feel. They offer a foretaste and glimpse into Beyond Brokenness: Unlocking the Algozeteo Equation of Resilience and Meaning, a forthcoming book based on four years of extensive field research on suffering, meaning, and resilience across thirteen countries.

The Maono Insights are crafted to help you unravel the enigma of life, unlock your full potential, and offer hope to those in pain. Designed for individuals grappling with the effects of chronic illness, unemployment, mental health challenges, natural disasters, betrayals, dysfunctional families, wrongful convictions, or other hardships, these insights aim to provide actionable guidance and inspiration. As you navigate life's difficulties, Maono Insights will spark a profound sense of meaning and resilience, empowering you to overcome trials and find renewed strength.

In the upcoming insight series, we delve into the depths of the human condition and the nature of suffering. Understanding these fundamental aspects of human experience is crucial for developing resilience and bouncing back from adversity. This series will provide a comprehensive examination of the human condition, laying the groundwork for discovering how to find meaning and build resilience. By exploring the nature of suffering, we can better understand how our responses to life's challenges influence our ability to find purpose and recover.

The soon-to-be-released Insights Series, entitled ‘The Human Condition and Suffering,’ will include several issues and feature a consistent visual theme—like the one on this post—reflecting the cover of the book from which these insights are excerpted.

 Do Not Miss Out on Transformative Insights—Join Us Today!

We are thrilled to invite you to join the Maono ecosystem.

By subscribing, you will gain exclusive access to a wealth of transformative knowledge designed to help you navigate and thrive amidst the challenges of existence. Each Maono Issue is crafted to provide you with actionable insights and deep reflections that will inspire and empower you.

Don’t miss this opportunity to be at the forefront of groundbreaking thought and discovery. Join our forward-think community today and ensure you never miss an issue.

Subscribe now to join a movement dedicated to unlocking your full potential and transforming the way you experience and overcome adversity.

Be among the first to receive our invaluable insights and embark on a journey of growth and enlightenment with Maono.

Your future self will thank you.

References

Cottingham, J. (2003). The Philosophy of Religion. Oxford University Press.

Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man’s Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.

Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On Death and Dying. Scribner.

Park, C. L. (2010). Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: A Review of Research on Meaning and its Effects on Health. The Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(12), 1218-1234.

Subscribe now

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Maono: The birth of an ecosystem

Maono is more than just a learning platform—it's an ecosystem and a think tank where groundbreaking research evolves into real-world solutions. At the heart of Maono is our Think Tank, a dynamic space delivering actionable insights into the intricacies of the human condition, world politics, business, and leadership. At Maono, our commitment to unbiased, non-partisan perspectives serves one purpose: to inspire thought, ignite meaningful change, and guide you through the complexities of modern life. Our publications are crafted to support the growth of individuals, leaders, and communities. From exploring human nature and suffering to resilience, growth, transformation, and the quest for purpose, Maono provides knowledge that fuels personal and collective transformation.

The story behind Maono

Seven years ago, during a business trip to Kenya—the land of extraordinary runners—I had an encounter that left a lasting impression on me. Early one morning, as I stepped out of my hotel, I spotted an elderly woman tending the garden. She waved warmly, and my curiosity drew me closer to her. The 74-year-old radiated a quiet and captivating strength. Despite her age, Kioni seemed untouched by the burdens of the years. Kioni, whose name means ‘the one who sees things,’ seemed to possess a powerful aura of spirituality. Her presence was as graceful and timeless as the Kikuyu heritage she embodied, a beauty as enchanting as the land she called home, the Kikuyu land of Kenya.

Despite the language barrier, Kioni and I managed to bridge the gap with the help of one of her co-workers, who kindly served as our interpreter. She called me "young man," which made me smile, especially as I was well into my forties. Kioni's curiosity was as sharp as her wisdom, and she eagerly asked about my work. For 17 minutes, we spoke—sharing thoughts on life, purpose, and the paths we choose. As I prepared to leave, feeling enriched by the conversation, Kioni turned to the interpreter and said in Kiswahili, “Tell the young man his vision will take him very far in life.” Then, she added with a weighty pause, “The world is sick because so many of our leaders have no vision. They are leading us to destruction. It does not matter where you live—they are all the same.”

It was in that moment that I learned the Kiswahili word “maono", meaning vision, goal, or foresight. In Kenyan culture, maono carries a depth beyond merely seeing the future—it encompasses leading with purpose, clarity, and wisdom. These are traits deeply valued in elders and leaders. I must admit that Kioni’s words, rooted in cultural knowledge, struck a chord. She reminded me of the essential role that vision plays in true leadership. That brief yet powerful encounter left a lasting imprint on my life, and since then, maono has been a guiding principle in everything I do, both personally and professionally. Furthermore, Lady Kioni’s words ignited in me a sense of responsibility to cultivate the kind of leadership our world so desperately needs. That brief yet profound encounter became the spark that led to the founding of Maono Institution.

Maono’s mission

Today, Maono is an ecosystem dedicated to growth and transformation. The Maono Institution Group is built around four pillars: a Think Tank, a Leadership Lab, an Academy for Management Excellence, and Consulting and Advisory Services. 

Today, with this launch on Substack, we proudly unveil the Maono Think Tank, or simply Maono. We believe that with vision and actionable insights, we can shape a future filled with purpose, resilience, and meaningful change—whether at the individual, organizational, or community level.

At Maono, our mission is to unlock the limitless potential for growth and transformation within individuals, organizations, and communities. Three core objectives drive us:

1. Share transformative insights—through research findings, reviews, and publications grounded in science, psychology, philosophy, faith, and spirituality—to inspire personal growth and leadership development.

2. Deliver impactful content—via podcasts, public lectures, and insights on world politics, business, and organization—to drive meaningful change across all sectors.

3. Provide customized advisory services—from tailored workshops and training sessions to seminars and conferences—that empower leaders to lead with vision, clarity, and purpose.

4. Host the Maono Summit, creating a vibrant platform where world leaders, visionaries, and communities come together to ignite powerful conversations, forge new paths for growth, and drive sustainable and transformative change for the future.

About the author

Thierry is a seasoned systems-thinking senior executive and grand strategist with over three decades of global experience. I have led organizations across 64 countries on four continents. My leadership journey has spanned higher education institutions, technology firms, and international development organizations, with roles such as CEO, President, Chairman, Managing Partner, and Regional Director. My focus is on creating sustainable impact—helping leaders and organizations transform, manage change, and navigate complex challenges with the foresight and insight needed to uncover new opportunities for growth. I have been honored with the Stanford Who’s Who Award (2010) in New York and named one of the Top 100 Most Influential Africans by NewAfrican Magazine in 2019.

Welcome to the Maono community as we embark on this transformative journey together.

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Dear Maono Community:

Maono will soon start releasing its Insights, Geopolitics Issues, and Newsletters.

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Why should you consider the Maono Insights? 

At the heart of the human experience is a deep-seated drive to find meaning, especially during times of suffering and adversity. Hardship often compels individuals to seek understanding and purpose. As Viktor Frankl (1984) suggested, in the midst of suffering, resilient people grapple with life's "ultimate concerns"—such as meaning, death, and freedom. Similarly, Park (2010) emphasized that confronting these fundamental questions is crucial for personal growth and transformation. To navigate suffering and build resilience, one must deeply explore the human condition, examining the nature of existence and our purpose in life (Kübler-Ross, 1969).

Maono Insights advocates for a holistic approach to resilience that acknowledges the complexity of the human condition. It recognizes that "human existence is mysterious, something strange, frightening, to be wondered at" (Cottingham, 2003). Humans are not merely incidental to the cosmos. They are intrinsically connected to the universe and are integral to its grand design.

Maono's plea, therefore, “is for an acknowledgment that human beings in their vulnerability and finitude need, in order to survive, modes of responding to the world which go beyond what is disclosed in a rational scientific analysis of the relevant phenomena. Such modes of response, forever, are characteristically expressed through practices whose value and resonance cannot be exhausted by a cognitive analysis…” (Cottingham, 2003). 

Thus, Maono Insights are grounded in science, psychology, and philosophy. They go beyond rational scientific analysis to include theology, faith, and spirituality. At Maono, we conceive of humans as complex beings who need a systemic approach to addressing the intricacies of the human condition. 

What can you expect from the Maono Insights? 

The research-driven, evidence-based Maono Insights address the need for internal healing, purpose, meaning, and resilience that individuals and communities feel. They offer a foretaste and glimpse into Beyond Brokenness: Unlocking the Algozeteo Equation of Resilience and Meaning, a forthcoming book based on four years of extensive field research on suffering, meaning, and resilience across thirteen countries.

The Maono Insights are crafted to help you unravel the enigma of life, unlock your full potential, and offer hope to those in pain. Designed for individuals grappling with the effects of chronic illness, unemployment, mental health challenges, natural disasters, betrayals, dysfunctional families, wrongful convictions, or other hardships, these insights aim to provide actionable guidance and inspiration. As you navigate life's difficulties, Maono Insights will spark a profound sense of meaning and resilience, empowering you to overcome trials and find renewed strength.

In the upcoming insight series, we delve into the depths of the human condition and the nature of suffering. Understanding these fundamental aspects of human experience is crucial for developing resilience and bouncing back from adversity. This series will provide a comprehensive examination of the human condition, laying the groundwork for discovering how to find meaning and build resilience. By exploring the nature of suffering, we can better understand how our responses to life's challenges influence our ability to find purpose and recover.

The soon-to-be-released Insights Series, entitled ‘The Human Condition and Suffering,’ will include several issues and feature a consistent visual theme—like the one on this post—reflecting the cover of the book from which these insights are excerpted.

 Do Not Miss Out on Transformative Insights—Join Us Today!

We are thrilled to invite you to join the Maono ecosystem.

By subscribing, you will gain exclusive access to a wealth of transformative knowledge designed to help you navigate and thrive amidst the challenges of existence. Each Maono Issue is crafted to provide you with actionable insights and deep reflections that will inspire and empower you.

Don’t miss this opportunity to be at the forefront of groundbreaking thought and discovery. Join our forward-think community today and ensure you never miss an issue.

Subscribe now to join a movement dedicated to unlocking your full potential and transforming the way you experience and overcome adversity.

Be among the first to receive our invaluable insights and embark on a journey of growth and enlightenment with Maono.

Your future self will thank you.

References

Cottingham, J. (2003). The Philosophy of Religion. Oxford University Press.

Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man’s Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.

Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On Death and Dying. Scribner.

Park, C. L. (2010). Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: A Review of Research on Meaning and its Effects on Health. The Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(12), 1218-1234.

Subscribe now